↑ Fabricius, J. C. 1775. Systema entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis, synonymis, locis descriptionibus observationibus. Flensburg and Lipsiae, 832 pp. (Araneae, pp. 431-441). [432]
↑ Platnick, N. I.2008. The World Spider Catalog, version 9.0. American Museum of Natural History.
↑ Kaston, B. J. (1970). “Comparative biology of American black widow spiders”. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 16 (3): 33–82.
